Chapters examine the "middle range" cities in the urban hierarchy, concentrating on the "global south," to see how information and communication technologies have affected them, how they interface with the global economy, and how their spatial organization has changed with globalization. Global Networks, Linked Cities is a collection of essays that begins to answer these questions. But if the metropoles have flourished in the postmodern ("post-Fordist") economy, even while developing deeper economic and social inequalities, what has been the fate of other cities, especially in the developing world? Do they share characteristics with the so-called "alpha cities" of the world? Within global cities, there has been a repositioning of downtowns as high tech employment centers that are simultaneously dependent upon unskilled and underpaid service employees. Some cities, most notably London, New York, and Tokyo, have emerged as command and control centers in the global economy, with a consequent deemphasis of nation-states as economic players. By now most urbanists are familiar with the outlines of Saskia Sassen's argument in The Global City (1991) that globalization has caused a reordering of urban spatial systems.
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